Maqalat Al Islamiyyin Pdf Download
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Maqalat Al Islamiyyin: A Classic Work on Islamic Sects and Theology
Maqalat Al Islamiyyin (The Book of the Opinions of the Islamic Sects and the Differences among the Worshippers) is a famous work by Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Ismail al-Ashari (d. 935 CE), one of the most influential theologians and founders of the Ashari school of Sunni theology. The book is a comprehensive survey of the various Islamic sects and groups that existed in his time, as well as their doctrines, beliefs, arguments, and refutations. The book is considered a valuable source of information and analysis for the history of Islamic thought and diversity.
The book was edited by the German orientalist Hellmut Ritter (d. 1971 CE) and published in four editions by the Orient-Institut Beirut. The latest edition was published in 2005 and contains 684 pages. The book is available for download in PDF format from the website of the Orient-Institut Beirut[^2^]. The book is also available for free download from the Internet Archive[^1^], along with a French translation by Adrien-Michel Hyacinthe Du Manoir de Juaye (d. 1919 CE).
The book is divided into three parts: the first part deals with the opinions of the Islamic sects on matters of faith and doctrine; the second part deals with the opinions of the Islamic sects on matters of worship and practice; and the third part deals with the opinions of some non-Islamic groups that interacted with Muslims, such as Jews, Christians, Zoroastrians, Sabians, and others. The book covers more than 80 sects and groups, such as the Khawarij, the Shiites, the Mu'tazilites, the Murji'ites, the Qadarites, the Sufis, and many more.
The book is not only a descriptive account of the opinions of the Islamic sects, but also a critical evaluation of their arguments and evidences. Al-Ashari refutes many of the views that he considers erroneous or deviant from the orthodox Sunni creed, using rational and scriptural proofs. He also defends his own Ashari position on various theological issues, such as divine attributes, predestination, free will, faith, sin, intercession, etc. The book is thus a valuable contribution to Islamic theology and polemics.
The author of Maqalat Al Islamiyyin, al-Ashari, was born in Basra, Iraq, in 873 or 874 CE. He belonged to the family of Abu Musa al-Ashari, one of the companions of the Prophet Muhammad. He received a careful education and became a disciple of Abu Ali al-Jubba'i, the head of the Mu'tazilite school of Basra. Mu'tazilites were rationalists who used logic and reason to support their theological views. They also believed that the Quran was created by God and subject to interpretation.
However, al-Ashari had a change of heart when he was 40 years old. He left the Mu'tazilite school and adopted a more orthodox position that affirmed the uncreatedness and inimitability of the Quran, as well as the transcendence and omnipotence of God. He also rejected some of the extreme views of the Mu'tazilites on human free will, divine justice, and the status of sinners. He founded his own school of theology, known as Ash'arism, which aimed to balance between reason and revelation, and between divine attributes and unity.
Al-Ashari wrote many books and treatises to defend his new position and to refute his former colleagues. He also engaged in public debates with Mu'tazilite scholars and challenged them to prove their claims. He moved to Baghdad, where he gained many followers and students. He died there in 935 or 936 CE. His school became one of the most influential and dominant schools of Sunni theology, along with Maturidism. Many famous theologians, such as al-Ghazali and Ibn Taymiyyah, were influenced by his teachings. 061ffe29dd